Introduction : Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with significant effects on an individual’s mental, social and personal functioning. The aim of the present study was to compare coping styles and mental health in patients with type II diabetes and non-diabetic individuals.

  Methodology : This causal-comparative study was conducted on all patients with type II diabetes, referring to the Diabetes Clinic of Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah in 2014. The two groups were selected via available sampling. In total, 55 men and 55 women were enrolled in each group. Coping styles and mental health questionnaires were distributed among the participants. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent sample t-test.

  Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups in the subscales of coping styles (avoidant, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and problem-focused styles) and mental health (physical function, agitation, social function and depression) (P<0.01).

  Conclusion: Psychological features are among important factors, which are closely related to physical disorders, and should not be neglected in the treatment process.

  Introduction : Despite the progress in medical and non-medical interventions for the management of type II diabetes, this condition is still associated with significant mortality and morbidity. In order to hinder or reverse this trend, interventions based on various theories and models are of high signficance. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on Pender’s health promotion model on the lifestyle of patients with type II diabetes.

  Methodology : In this clinical trial, patients were randomly allocated to two groups. The intervention group received an educational intervention based on Pender’s model (n=20) and the control group (n=20) received routine training. Data collection tools included a researcher-made questionnaire and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, which were completed before and three months after the intervention by the two groups. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, paired t-test and Chi-squre.

  Results: The mean lifestyle score with regard to nutrition and stress management significantly improved in the intervention group (P=0.016).

  Conclusion: The findings indicated positive lifestyle changes, which confirmed the effectiveness of Pender’s model for improving health behaviors of patients with type II diabetes .

Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression are common among patients with type II diabetes. Type II diabetes is one of the most common chronic conditions, causing various limitations for the patients. Therefore, meta-cognitive therapy can be applied to reduce GAD and depression among these patients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of meta-cognitive therapy on reducing GAD and depression among patients with type II diabetes, referring to healthcare centers of Qarchak, Iran.

Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study, a pre-test, post-test, control-group design was applied. The study population consisted of patients with type II diabetes, referring to healthcare centers of Qarchak in 2015. Overall, 30 patients were selected via simple random sampling and were assigned to experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of training via meta-cognitive therapy, while the control group did not receive any treatments. The groups completed the Generalized Anxiety Questionnaire (GAQ) and Depression Questionnaire (DQ) for pre-test and post-test assessments. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed, using SPSS version 19.

Results: The findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. In other words, meta-cognitive therapy led to a significant decline in GAD and depression among patients with type II diabetes (P<0.01).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that meta-cognitive therapy could reduce GAD and depression among patients with type II diabetes. Therefore, counselors, clinical psychologists and therapists can apply meta-cognitive therapy as a means to decrease GAD and depression among these patients.

Introduction: There has been a growing interest in spirituality, considering the role of this human dimension in the process of patient recovery. This study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual health and glycemic control in type II diabetic patients.

Methodology: In this descriptive, correlational study, 50 diabetic patients, admitted to Imam Musa Ibn Jafar Hospital, were recruited via convenience sampling in Quchan, Iran in 2014. Data were collected, using the spiritual well-being scale by Ellison & Levin. Venous blood samples were obtained for measuring the patients' fasting blood sugar level. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson's correlation test were performed, using SPSS version 18.

Results: The mean score of spiritual health was 169.160, which indicates the high level of spirituality among patients. The results of Pearson's correlation test demonstrated a significant relationship between spiritual health and type II diabetes.

Conclusion: In this study, the scores of spiritual health were not significantly different among patients with controlled and uncontrolled blood glucose. It is suggested that nurses consider cultural, spiritual and religious factors, which may affect glycemic control in the treatment of diabetic patients. Further case-control studies with a larger sample size are required to evaluate the effects of other factors such as educational level and age on glycemic control.

Introduction: The quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes is affected by several variables that from most important can be noted perceived social support, psychological hardiness and family communication patterns. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived social support, psychological hardiness and family communication patterns with quality of life among patients with type II diabetes.

Methodology: This is a descriptive analytical study of correlation type. The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetic that referred to health care center of Varamin city in 2015 year. Totally 190 patient were selected by simple randomly sampling method. All of them completed the questionnaires include perceived social support (PSS), psychological hardiness (PH), family communication patterns (FCP) and quality of life (QL). Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and multivariate regression and with using of SPSS-19 software.

Results: The findings showed a positive and significant relationship between perceived social support, psychological hardiness and conversation communication pattern with quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes and a negative and significant relationship between conformity communication pattern with quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes. In a one predicted model, perceived social support, conversation communication pattern, psychological hardiness and conformity communication pattern predicted 54/7 percent of variance of quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes (P&le0/01).

Conclusion: Regarded to results of this study suggest that therapists, counselors and clinical psychologist consider the symptoms of these variables and design appropriate programs to improve the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction:� Type II diabetes is one of the most common chronic complications, which can reduce happiness and hopefulness among patients. Therefore, life skills training can be applied to promote happiness and optimism among diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of life skills training on happiness and hopefulness among patients with type II diabetes, referring to healthcare centers of Pakdasht, Iran.

Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study, a pre-test, post-test, control-group design was applied. The study population consisted of all patients with type II diabetes, referring to healthcare centers of Pakdasht in 2015. Overall, 40 patients were selected via simple random sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=20 per group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of training on life skills (90 min per session), while the control group did not receive any training. The groups completed the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) and Hope Questionnaire (HQ) for pre-test and post-test assessments. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed, using SPSS version 19.

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Results: The findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of happiness and hopefulness. In other words, life skills training led to a significant increase in happiness and hopefulness among patients with type II diabetes (P&le0.0005).

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Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is suggested that therapists, counselors and clinical psychologists apply life skills training for promoting happiness and hopefulness among patients with type II diabetes.

Introduction: Treatment challenges, continuous need for care, constant anxiety, and the ensuing effects lead to decreased quality of life in diabetic patients. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of supportive group psychotherapy in the improvement of quality of life in patients with type II diabetes.

Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design, 24 subjects were randomly selected from the Diabetes Clinic of Tafresh, Iran. The participants were allocated to two homogenous groups, based on their pre-test scores. The subjects were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Supportive group psychotherapy was employed in the experimental group for 10 sessions, followed by post-test. The data collection tool included World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF. Statistical analysis was performed, using dependent and independent t-test and analysis of variance.

Results: The analysis of variance and independent t-test results showed no significant difference between the two groups in pretest (P<0.05). However, dependent t-test results showed a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores in the experimental group (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The results indicated that supportive group psychotherapy is effective in the enhancement of quality of life in patients with diabetes.

Introduction: Fatty liver disease is recognized as the most common chronic liver disease in industrialized Western countries. Evidence suggests a relationship between diabetes and the risk factors for fatty liver disease. The present study was performed to determine the relationship between fatty liver disease and diabetes in patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Methodology: This descriptive, correlational study was performed on 180 patients, admitted to hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The data collection tools included the demographic and clinical form, consisting of information on the liver index and serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride, and hemoglobin levels. For data analysis, t-test and Chi-square test were performed using SPSS.

Results: According to the ANOVA test results, LDL, triglyceride, cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were correlated. In fact, an increase in triglyceride level resulted in a rise in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level (P<0.05). On the other hand, a decline in HDL level caused an increase in HbA1c. In addition, triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level were significantly correlated. In fact, an increase in triglyceride and ALP level resulted in a rise in fasting blood sugar (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The present results indicated the major positive impact of training based on Roy’s adaptation model on type II diabetic patients. In fact, given the changing condition of diabetes, improvement of different aspects of psychosocial adaptation can result in the management of maladaptive behaviors and improvement of patient adaptation. Regarding the cost-effective and non-invasive design of Roy’s adaptation model, it can be incorporated as an effective tool for the analysis of type II diabetic patients.

Introduction: Type II diabetes, as a chronic disease with various side-effects, can challenge the psychosocial adaptation of patients. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of an educational program based on Roy’s adaptation model on the psychosocial adaptation of type II diabetic patients in Birjand, Iran in 2013.

Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 patients with type II diabetes, aged 30-70 years, were selected via convenience sampling among patients referred to a diabetes clinic in Birjand. The subjects were assigned to the intervention and control groups via block randomization. First, the demographic form and psychosocial adjustment to illness scale (PAIS) were completed by the two groups. In addition, Roy’s assessment form was completed by the intervention group. The maladaptive behaviors of patients were determined and the program curriculum was designed. Group training was carried out in eight sessions, while face-to-face training was performed in two sessions. The patients were followed-up for one month via phone calls. For data analysis, independent t-test, paired t-test, and covariance analysis were performed, using SPSS version 15.

Results: Following the intervention, there was a significant decline in the mean scores of all domains of psychosocial adaptation, i.e., disease perception, vocational environment, domestic environment, family relations, social environment, and psychological distress (P<0.05), with the exception of sexual relationship (P=0.66). In the control group, only the mean score of domestic environment significantly increased after the study, compared to the baseline (P=0.002).

Conclusion: The present results indicated the major positive impact of training based on Roy’s adaptation model on type II diabetic patients. In fact, given the changing condition of diabetes, improvement of different aspects of psychosocial adaptation can result in the management of maladaptive behaviors and improvement of patient adaptation. Regarding the cost-effective and non-invasive design of Roy’s adaptation model, it can be incorporated as an effective tool for the analysis of type II diabetic patients.

Introduction: Mental health of adolescents with type II diabetes is affected by several factors including personality characteristics and religious attitudes. The present study was performed to evaluate the relationship between personality characteristics, religious attitudes, and mental health among adolescents with type II diabetes in order to propose nursing care strategies.

Methodology: In this descriptive, analytical, correlational study, all adolescents with type II diabetes, referring to a healthcare center in Gharchak, Iran were recruited in 2015. A total of 120 patients were selected via simple random sampling. The participants completed the personality characteristics questionnaire (PCQ), religiosity attitude questionnaire (RAQ), and general health questionnaire (GHQ). For data analysis, Pearson’s correlation test and multivariate stepwise regression analysis were performed, using SPSS version 19.

Results: The findings showed a negative and significant relationship between neuroticism, external religiosity, and mental health in adolescents with type II diabetes. Also, a positive and significant relationship was found between mental health and extroversion, compatibility, conscientiousness, and internal religiosity in adolescents with type II diabetes. In the prediction model, variables such as conscientiousness, extroversion, and internal religiosity predicted 28.1% of the variance in mental health among adolescents with type II diabetes (P≤0.01).

Conclusion: Based on the present results, counselors and therapists should take these factors into account and design appropriate programs for the improvement of mental health in adolescents with type II diabetes.

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of health care quality and it is important in health evaluation and planning. This study aimed to evaluate satisfaction of patients with type 2 diabetes with the care services provided in Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre of Isfahan, Iran.

Methodology: This descriptive study was performed on 230 type 2 diabetes patients, who were referred to Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre, Isfahan, Iran. The participants were chosen through convenience sampling method. Data was collected using a self-designed questionnaire consisting of four sections including satisfaction with the care provided by the physician, nurse, nutritionist, and laboratory. The questionnaire was rated using a five-point Likert scale. The data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics and performing Chi-square, ANOVA, and logistic regression tests, using SPSS version 18.

Results: The majority of the patients (87.9%) were satisfied with the care. The mean satisfaction scores from the care provided by physician, nurse, nutritionist, and laboratory were 25.8±2.54, 33.1±3.59, 26.3±4.3, and 24.3±2.57, respectively. A significant relationship was found between satisfaction and educational level (P=0.03) and age of the patients (P=0.004).

Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that patients hold a positive attitude toward the services provided by diabetes team. However, satisfaction was low regarding diabetic foot care provided by the physician and follow-up of visits by nurses. Given that patients are the central part of a diabetes team, assessment of patient satisfaction with the performance of diabetes team could help health planners evaluate the performance of such centres.

Introduction: Type II diabetes mellitus is associated with many complications. While oxidative stress has a significant role in the incidence of type II diabetes, antioxidative defense is remarkable in the prevention of this disease. The present study investigates the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and cinnamon supplement on antioxidant index and lipid peroxidation as an additional care in females with type II diabetes.

Methodology: This study was conducted on 36 female volunteers with type II diabetes (age: 52.72±2.64 years and BMI: 29.28±2.94). Based on BMI, the participants were divided randomly into four groups including exercise, exercise-cinnamon, cinnamon, and control. Endurance training was performed for eight weeks (three sessions per week) at the intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate. The cinnamon supplement was administrated 1.5 g per day for the participants. Two days pre- and post-experiment, fasting blood samples were collected for the analysis of plasma levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and factorial ANOVA, using SPSS software at the significant level of P < 0.05.

Results: According to the results, the levels of malondialdehyde decreased in the cinnamon and exercise groups. However, the exercise-cinnamon and control groups showed increased levels of malondialdehyde, which were significant only in the control group. Furthermore, the plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase decreased in all groups, which were significant in the cinnamon and exercise groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in the post-test.

Conclusion: The findings of the current study showed that separate consumption of cinnamon or exercise can be effective in reducing lipid peroxidation. Nevertheless, simultaneous use of cinnamon supplements along with exercise needs further investigations.

Introduction: Diabetes is mainly associated withnegative psychological impacts on mental health of patients. Resilience training can potentiallydecrease such problems in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of resilience training on psychological well-being of patients with type II diabetes.

Methodology: This quasi-experiment(with a pretest-posttest design) was conducted on30 samples,selected from the Iranian Diabetes Association, Tehran, Iran, andrandomly assigned to the control and test groups. Resilience training was performed for the test group in the form of nine sessions, followed by a post-test. Data collection tool included Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being (RSPWB), and data analysis was performed using ANOVA.

Results: In this study, the ANOVA test revealed a significant difference in the pre-test scores of the study groups regarding psychological well-being and its subscales, such as self-government,self-acceptance, goal orientation, control over external factors,self-development andpositive relationship with others (P<0.0001).

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, resilience training had a significant impact on improved psychological well-being of patients with type IIdiabetes. It is recommended that resilience training be used to enhance the quality of life of patients, as well as their abilityto overcome problems in life.

Introduction: Given the chronic nature of diabetes and the fact that these patients encounter care problems on a daily basis, fostering attitudes of type 2 diabetes patients is of paramount importance. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of teach-back communication strategy on improving attitude components of type II diabetes patients.

Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 70 type 2 diabetic patients, who were  randomly divided into experimental (n=35) and control (n=35) groups. Teach-back communication strategy was taught to patients in the intervention group during four sessions. Information was collected one month before and after the educational intervention through questionnaires, interviews, and self-report. To analyse the data, paired t-test, independent t-test, and Chi-square were run, using SPSS version 20.

Results: The results showed that general attitude of both experimental and control groups significantly increased in the second phase of measurement. Independent t-test did not reflect a significant difference between the two groups in terms of general attitude of the patients before the intervention (P>0.05). However, this test indicated a significant difference between the groups in general attitude after the intervention (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Considering the fact that the relationship between patient and caregiver is one of the most important issues of nursing profession, it can be said that the use of patient-centred communication techniques (such as teach-back) can improve patients’ attitude, and in turn, result in positive outcomes of care.

Introduction: Diabetes is a serious chronic disease. Worries affect quality of life (QOL), treatment, and blood sugar management in diabetic patients. This study aims to determine the relationship of worry domains and QOL of patients with type II diabetes.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 75 type II diabetes patients admitted to Amirolmomenin Hospital, Zabol, Iran. The study instruments were Worry domain and QOL questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.

Results: The total mean score of worry domains was 61.36 out of 100. There was a significant, negative, linear relationship between all worry domains, except for the physical function domain, and QOL.

Conclusion: Given the high level of worry, especially due to financial and occupational issues, it is necessary to reduce patients' worries to ameliorate the direct side effects of worry, and in turn, improve QOL.

Introduction: Urtica dioica is a herbal medicine used for the treatment of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Urtica dioica on cardiovascular function and fasting blood sugar in patients with type II diabetes.

Materials and Methodgy: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 males with type II diabetes who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n=10) of Urtica dioica and control. In pre- and post-test, fasting blood sugar, blood pressure, resting heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption were measured. To analyze the measured indices, t-test was run (P≤0.05)<span lang="FA" style="font-family:;" new="" roman";"="" "times="" roman";="" nazanin";="" b="">.

Results: A significant decrease were observed in body weight, fasting blood sugar, diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate, while a significant increase was noted in maximal oxygen consumption in Urtica dioica group (P<0.05). In addition, significant differences were observed in fasting blood sugar, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption between the Urtica dioica and control groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, use of Urtica dioica herbal tea is an effective way to control blood glucose and improve cardiovascular function in patients with type II diabetes.

Keywords: Type II diabetes, Urtica dioica, Blood glucose, Cardiovascular function

Introduction: Psychological and psychiatric consequences are important factors affecting medication adherence and improved quality of life in diabetic patients. However, prevalence of these disorders is unclear. In this study, cognitive status, depression, and drug adherence of type 2 diabetes patients are discussed.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive analytical study, 105 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to Birjand diabetes clinic were selected through randomized sampling. The data collection tools included a demographic form, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS), Number Connection Test (NCT) that measures cognitive function, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS, version 16.

Results: In the present study, 88.2% of women and 91.9% of men showed low medication adherence. In the majority of the patients, depression was found, while 36.8% of women and 13.5% of men had severe depression. Regarding cognitive disorders, some degrees of cognitive disorders were observed in most of the patients.

Conclusion: In this study, diabetic patients had poor medication adherence and showed some degrees of cognitive disorders and depression. Therefore, serious attention should be paid to their blood glucose monitoring. Furthermore, effective training programs with new methods of education should be considered by healthcare providers, and these patients should be monitored regularly regarding cognitive disorders and depression problems, which might affect their learning and self-care behaviors.

Introduction: Type II diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder, the prevalence of which is increasing in Iran. The relationship between metabolic control and preventive behaviors is established. Attitude is an important determinant in preventive behaviors. This study investigated the attitudes of patients with type II diabetes towards preventive behaviors for disease complications.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was performed among 200 patients with type II diabetes referring to diabetes center in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The participants were chosen through convenience sampling. The data was collected through a questionnaire on attitudes towards preventive behaviors for type II diabetes complications. The validity and reliability of this scale were established in a paper by Jahanfar et al. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient was run in SPSS version 19.

Results: In total, 129 patients were female and 71 were male, and the majority of the patients had a positive attitude towards preventive behaviors. Level of education (P=0.04), as well as consumption of fruits and vegetables (P=0.00) were significantly correlated with attitudes towards preventive behaviors. However, no significant relationship was found between duration of disease and attitude (P=0.341).

Conclusions: The mentioned relationships emphasize the importance of implementing training programs, providing facilities, and adopting appropriate policies to improve preventive behaviors for diabetes complications in both patients and general population

Introduction:  In developed countries, overweight and obesity are important factors among children and adults. Overweight in childhood is an effective factor in incidence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and insulin resistance, and overweight in adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for childhood obesity to prevent type II diabetes. 

Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study. The case group included students who had a body mass  index percentile of 85% or higher (n=120). The control group comprised of students with body mass index percentile of 85% or lower (n=480). Children’s demographic characteristics, the child and parents’ weight, type of delivery, student’s weight at the time of entering elementary school, and nutritional status of the child were compared.

Results: The results showed that mothers’ and fathers’ weight in obese children were significantly higher compared to others (P=0.00 and P=0.024, respectively). Type of nutrition was significantly associated with obesity (P<0.05).

Conclusion: We recommend the consumption of low-fat dairy products, low-sugar marmalades, whole grain spaghetti, and standard fast foods as an alternative for non-standard and high-fat foods.

Introduction: Deploying affordable, accessible, and unofficial supportive forces, such as peers, is of great importance for management of type II diabetes. Thus, we conducted this study to investigate the effect of peer-based interventions on type II diabetes management. In this review, an online search was carried out to identify the studies published during 2000-2015 investigating the impact of peer-based interventions on diabetes management. The databases of PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, and IRCT were searched using Mesh-based keywords of “peer”, “peer support”, “peer intervention”, “diabetes”, “chronic disease”, and “self-management” and the Persian words A total of 86 interventional full-text articles that had used peer-based interventions were retrieved. Finally, after skimming the titles and abstracts of these articles, nine studies were included for the final review. The studies were different on account of design, communication model, research duration, location (home or health centers), type of outcome, and peer intervention sessions with patients (intervals, frequency, and continuity). All the articles had a control group and some of them compared peer interventions with specialized personnel. Various peer communication models (six face-to-face and three telephone calls) were utilized. In all the studies, peers had improved outcomes (self-efficacy, clinical outcomes, quality of life, and self-management behaviors); however, in some studies no significant differences were noticed between the intervention and control groups. The findings showed that along with healthcare providers, peers can be effective in diabetes management. Nonetheless, the method of employing them must be further studied  to achieve to the most effective model with constant practical principles.