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Introduction: Diabetes is the most prevalent non communicable disease in Iran which counts 3 to 5 percent i.e., 2 to 5.3 million people out of the whole population are stricken by the disease. According to the international organizations, concerned with diabetes, every ten seconds, two persons are diagnosed having diabetes and one succumbs. Considering the chronic adverse effects caused by the diabetes, huge economic burdens are imposed on the care and health system. Nurses play a very important role in fulfilling the medical prescriptions and their unawareness about insulin therapy would result in severe injuries to the patients. So, this study aimed at investigating the level of nurses' awareness about insulin therapy.
Methodology: This study was of semi experimental type, in which the population of the study is chosen intentionally. The samples were gathered from Amir-al-momenin and Imam khomini hospitals. The tools included a questionnaire which was divided into two parts. The first part was about the demographic information and the second part constituted 23 questions about insulin therapy then educational pamphlet was given the nurses and two months later, it was resubmitted. The data were gathered and finally it was analyzed by descriptive and deductive statistics.
 Results: The results showed that the most of cases studied (47%) were between 26 to 30 .Besides ,most of them were female (66%).The results also showed that the awareness rate was sufficiently higher after the education (p=0.0001).
 Conclusion: The nurse as one of the main members of the treatment team has the highest contingence and care to the patients, who is directly responsible for injection of insulin. Thus, he/she should recognize the medicine fully and be aware of its maintenance, injection and other essential notes, completely. So, education in the initial phases especially in the diabetes wards is highly needed.

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Introduction: Gestational diabetes is a common complication during pregnancy, affecting maternal and fetal outcomes. Considering the increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes around the world, in the present study, we aimed to assess fetal and maternal outcomes in pregnant diabetic women.

Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 85 women with gestational diabetes (gestational age > 28 weeks), admitted to the maternity ward, were enrolled, along with 160 women with a normal pregnancy, who met the inclusion criteria (i.e., no history of diabetes, chronic diseases, endocrine disorders, or steroid use). By using a questionnaire, the required information, i.e., demographic data, medical information, gestational age, Apgar score, and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, postpartum hemorrhage, macrosomia, stillbirth, and hypoglycemia, was recorded. The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS.

Results: The mean age of diabetic and healthy mothers was reported to be 30.4±5.01 and 27.2±4.03 years, respectively; a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (P<0.02). Also, the mean systolic and diastolic pressure, body mass index, and cesarean section were more prevalent in diabetic mothers (P=0.01); the two groups were significantly different in this regard. Furthermore, fetal complications such as macrosomia, stillbirth, and hypoglycemia were more common among diabetic subjects, compared to their healthy counterparts (P<0.01).

Conclusion: Among maternal and fetal complications, gestational hypertension and cesarean section were more common in diabetic cases. Also, fetal complications such as macrosomia, stillbirth, and hypoglycemia were more prevalent in newborns of diabetic women. Therefore, implementation of educational programs, screening of diabetic mothers, and attention to the associated complications seem essential. Overall, all these complications highlight the importance of gestational diabetes prevention.

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Introduction: Since lifestyle affects one’s health, health-promoting activities and a healthy lifestyle are major strategies to facilitate and preserve health. Nowadays, gestational diabetes is one of the most prevalent complications of pregnancy affecting maternal and fetal health.  The present study aimed to determine the impact of the consultation on the promotion of healthy lifestyles in women with gestational diabetes referring to educational-medical centers affiliated to Zabol University of Medical Sciences in 2018.
Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 70 mothers with gestational diabetes admitted to educational-medical centers affiliated to Zabol University of Medical Sciences. The study participants were selected based on convenience sampling and were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group received 7 counseling sessions.  Data collection tools included demographic form, and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II questionnaire.
Results: Based on the obtained results, the intervention and control groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics and mean score of health promotion behaviors and did not differ significantly before the intervention (P>0.05). However, a significant increase was observed in the total score of health promoting behaviors in the intervention group 153.48(7.52), as compared to the control group 113.57(5.14); P <0.001).
Conclusion: Midwives can improve the lifestyle of mothers with gestational diabetes and reduce the complications of gestational diabetes with proper care and health promotion lifestyle counseling in health centers

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Introduction: Gestational diabetes is a degree of glucose intolerance that is first diagnosed or developed during pregnancy due to the inability of the pancreas to secrete more insulin to respond to increased insulin resistance or decreased insulin sensitivity. Many studies have shown that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and thyroid dysfunction can have a variety of adverse effects on the outcomes of pregnancy and offspring. In the present study, the relationship between gestational diabetes and thyroid hormone levels was investigated in pregnant women in Zabol.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 252 pregnant women (87 with and 165 without GDM) were randomly admitted during 2020. The serum levels of FBS, free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were compared between the two groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 22).
Results: The mean TSH levels in the case and control groups were 2.75 ± 1.56 and 1.78 ± 1.07 μIU/mL, respectively, which was significantly higher in the case group (P < 0.00). Mean FT4 levels were 1.5 ± 0.61 and 1.4 ± 0.68 ng/ in case and control groups, respectively which were not statistically different in both groups (P = 0.25). Among patients with GDM, 16 (12.48%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 6 (7.69%) had clinical hypothyroidism, while among non-GDM patients, 7 (4.24%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 4 (2.42%) had clinical hypothyroidism.
Conclusion: These findings indicate a significant association between hypothyroidism and gestational diabetes. Therefore, accurate measurement and evaluation of thyroid hormones during pregnancy, especially in diabetic mothers, is recommended for better management and its prognosis.
 

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Introduction: One of the increasing health problems worldwide is gestational diabetes or an increase in blood glucose levels during pregnancy without a history, which is associated with many maternal and fetal complications. Due to the presentation of different data from studies conducted in different parts of Iran on the prevalence of gestational diabetes, the present study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran by a systematic review and meta-analysis
Methods: This study is a review and meta-analysis conducted in Iran to determine the prevalence of diabetes by searching electronic databases, including the State Inpatient Databases, Mag Iran, and Google Scholar. After the qualitative evaluation of the extracted articles, 24 articles, which were conducted in Iran from 2004 to 2018, were included in the study. Data were analyzed by the Stochastic Effect method using the STATA software (version 17).
Results: Out of 31 provinces in Iran, information on the prevalence of gestational diabetes was available only in 14 provinces. Out of 26,849 patients, the prevalence of diabetes in the whole country was 7.9%, with a 95% confidence interval (5.96-10.08) and I²=97.36%. The lowest prevalence was related to Ardabil province with a prevalence of 1.33%, and the highest prevalence was in Tehran and Mazandaran provinces at 23.99% and 23.13%, respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of gestational diabetes is high and varies across the whole country. It is necessary to conduct research in all provinces with the same screening method to identify the cause of differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes in different provinces, adopt the best strategies and policies in the field of health, and reduce the complications, as well as the prevalence of gestational diabetes.