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Introduction:
 Diabetes Type 1 is among the most prevalent Adenoidal –metabolic disorders in infants and teenagers which causes adverse effects to hypothalamic pituitary - Hypophsis and gonad. Since there have been a few studies about menstrual duration and diabetes type 1, this study focuses on the relationship between Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Body Mass Index, Disease duraruion, Insulin Dosage and Menstrual Duration in Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents. Most studies to date have focused on adults, who have been asked to recall retrospectively their menstrual histories through adolescence.
 Methodology: The data was collected using a questionnaire, interview and bio-physical information. The patients were asked about starting and ending point of bleeding for three menstrual cycles. The HbA1c test was done on every case, for two times in duration of three months.
Results: For HbA1c, mean was 8.31 ± 1.63 percent. Eighth patients (13.79%) had disorders in menstrual duration (menstruation longer than 7 days). None of the cases had primary amenorrhea. Conclusion: There was no significant relation between the variable and duration of menstruation. A prospective study of menstrual duration in adolescences with type 1 diabetes is recommended.

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Introduction: Diabetes is a serious chronic disease. Worries affect quality of life (QOL), treatment, and blood sugar management in diabetic patients. This study aims to determine the relationship of worry domains and QOL of patients with type II diabetes.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 75 type II diabetes patients admitted to Amirolmomenin Hospital, Zabol, Iran. The study instruments were Worry domain and QOL questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.

Results: The total mean score of worry domains was 61.36 out of 100. There was a significant, negative, linear relationship between all worry domains, except for the physical function domain, and QOL.

Conclusion: Given the high level of worry, especially due to financial and occupational issues, it is necessary to reduce patients' worries to ameliorate the direct side effects of worry, and in turn, improve QOL.

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Introduction: The global prevalence of diabetes exceeded the estimated value of 30 million in 1985 and rose to 177 million in 2000. It is estimated that the total number of diabetic patients will increase to 439 million in 2030.

The therapeutic regimen is valuable in managing the type II diabetes patients. It seems that e-learning is essential for all the patients to guarantee the access to the instructions. Nowadays, multimedia instructions by using compact disks are deemed as a modern way of learning to convey the concepts in a broad sense.

 

 

Material and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 85 patients with type II diabetes referred to Shahid Qodsi health center in Mashhad, Iran. The samples were selected using convenience sampling method and they were placed in two groups, namely, the intervention and control groups who were educated by electronic and routine learning, respectively. The intervention period was considered to be two month. Data obtained by completing the questionnaire pre- and post-intervention and taking blood samples to measure the glycated hemoglobin. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 17, paired and independent t-tests, and repeated measures ANOVA.

 

Results: According to the results, the intervention group revealed a significant increment in average value of regimen compliance in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). After the end of intervention period, the mean and standard deviation of glycated hemoglobin were significant in both groups.

 

Conclusion: Regarding the results, e-learning has a great effect on adherence to the therapeutic regimen and reduction in costs and traffic. This procedure could be used with the least facilities and is affordable. Therefore, it is recommended to train the nurses and encourage them to use this method to educate the diabetic patients.

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Introduction: Due to the importance of review studies in obtaining, retrieving, reviewing, combining, analyzing, and integrating the results of original and fundamental studies to achieve the required knowledge, the present study was conducted to introduce the characteristics and application of various reviews methods and their role in promoting nursing knowledge.
Materials and Methods: To achieve the objectives of the study, the library research method was used. For this purpose, data were extracted and analyzed from PubMed, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID.
Results: Based on the results of studies, all review studies had a growing trend in recent years, and researchers realized its importance in advancing knowledge in the medical sciences. Among the types of review studies, 10 types of them were discussed more and their selection and characteristics were explained.
Conclusion: It was found that due to the increase in the volume and number of specialized information in today's world, knowledge and use of the results of review studies were highly effective in publishing the results of various studies and in evidence-based clinical decision-making. Moreover, considering that most studies in Iran are limited to systematic and meta-analysis methods, the present article introduced several other types of review studies to draw researchers' attention to the value of other review studies and their role in clinical decisions.
 

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Introduction: Type II diabetic patients experience various physical and mental problems, such as stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality disorders, that require necessary interventions. So far, few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of nature sounds on mood and sleep disorders in patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of nature sounds on stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality among type II diabetic patients.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 patients with type II diabetes were evaluated in the intervention and control groups (n=20 each). The required data were collected using the Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Scale-21 and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at the baseline and 1 week after the nature sounds intervention. The participants in the intervention group listened to an audio file containing the sounds of nature twice a day, once in the morning and once at night before going to bed, for 20 min at each stage. The control group received the usual nursing care program. The gathered data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The independent t-test did not show a significant difference between the mean scores of stress (11.70±3.14 vs 9.60±3.57), anxiety (9.05±3.32 vs 8.05±3.31), depression (9.25±3.77) vs 9.30±4.07), and sleep quality (9.22±3.61 vs 9.44±4/06) of diabetic patients in the intervention and control groups. However, the ANCOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test by controlling pre-test scores significantly reduced the difference between the mean scores of stress in the intervention and control groups, accounting for 9.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.10, 11.07) and 11.71 (95% CI 10.22, 13.20), respectively.
Conclusion: The sound of nature reduced stress in diabetic patients; nevertheless, it did not have a significant effect on their anxiety, depression, and sleep quality.
 

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Introduction: One of the increasing health problems worldwide is gestational diabetes or an increase in blood glucose levels during pregnancy without a history, which is associated with many maternal and fetal complications. Due to the presentation of different data from studies conducted in different parts of Iran on the prevalence of gestational diabetes, the present study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran by a systematic review and meta-analysis
Methods: This study is a review and meta-analysis conducted in Iran to determine the prevalence of diabetes by searching electronic databases, including the State Inpatient Databases, Mag Iran, and Google Scholar. After the qualitative evaluation of the extracted articles, 24 articles, which were conducted in Iran from 2004 to 2018, were included in the study. Data were analyzed by the Stochastic Effect method using the STATA software (version 17).
Results: Out of 31 provinces in Iran, information on the prevalence of gestational diabetes was available only in 14 provinces. Out of 26,849 patients, the prevalence of diabetes in the whole country was 7.9%, with a 95% confidence interval (5.96-10.08) and I²=97.36%. The lowest prevalence was related to Ardabil province with a prevalence of 1.33%, and the highest prevalence was in Tehran and Mazandaran provinces at 23.99% and 23.13%, respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of gestational diabetes is high and varies across the whole country. It is necessary to conduct research in all provinces with the same screening method to identify the cause of differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes in different provinces, adopt the best strategies and policies in the field of health, and reduce the complications, as well as the prevalence of gestational diabetes.
 

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Introduction: Mothers are typically the primary caregivers for children with type 1 diabetes, a role that significantly impacts their lives. Since spirituality has been identified as a key dimension of self-care, this study aimed to determine the effect of self-care training based on mothers' spirituality on the metabolic control of children with type I diabetes.
Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 70 mothers of children with type I diabetes were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: an intervention group (35 participants) and a control group (35 participants). Data were collected using a demographic profile questionnaire and by measuring metabolic control indicators, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, and cholesterol levels.
Results: The independent t-test showed a statistically significant difference in mean glycosylated hemoglobin scores between the intervention and control groups before and after the intervention. However, after controlling for pre-test scores using ANCOVA, no statistically significant difference was observed in the average glycosylated hemoglobin levels between the intervention group (7.65 to 7.04) and the control group (7.24 to 6.63).Similarly, the average triglyceride levels in the intervention group changed from 85.46 ± 14.58 to 85.46 ± 16.46, and in the control group from 83.51 ± 29.06 to 83.86 ± 24.81. Cholesterol levels in the intervention group changed from 178.66 ± 10.67 to 178.49 ± 11.64, while in the control group, they shifted from 174.17 ± 11.39 to 175.61 ± 12.51. However, the independent t-test did not reveal a statistically significant difference in triglyceride or cholesterol scores between the two groups (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The spiritual self-care educational intervention improved the ability of mothers to oversee the metabolic control of their children with type 1 diabetes in a sample of the Iranian population. However, the findings suggest that mothers likely require more comprehensive support than what was provided in this study. Solely offering spiritual support appears insufficient. Therefore, holistic support systems addressing the multifaceted needs of these mothers are necessary to enhance their caregiving roles effectively.