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Introduction:

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases worldwide. The use of insulin has special significance in order to control blood sugar. Self-care insulin therapy is associated with knowledge of how to apply insulin. That is the most important action in self-care by these patients. So, this study was conducted to determine self-care insulin injection in adults with type1 diabetes who were referred to Zahedan diabetes clinic.

Methodlogy: This study was of descriptive –analytical type, carried out on 80 adults with type 1 diabetes. A questionnaire was used for collecting demographic data and patient's knowledge and a checklist was used for the practice of self-care insulin therapy. Data were compared using descriptive and analytic statistics. Self- care (knowledge and practice) patients were defined so that favorable knowledge: score 16-20, Average knowledge: 10-15, Poor knowledge: 0-9 and favorable practice: 12- 15, average practice: 8-11, poor practice: 0-8.

Results: The participants’ favorable knowledge was 23.75%, while the average knowledge was 63.75% and poor knowledge was 12.5% .In addition, 71.25% have favorable practice, 23.5% have average practice and 12.5% have poor practice. There were no significant statistical difference between demographic data and the causes' knowledge and performance, considering the usage of insulin.

Conclusion: Regarding the self-care important are for the treatment of diabetes and the fact that most patients in this study had average knowledge of insulin injection, we recommend that research centers of diabetes should pay attention to knowledge about diabetes.

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Introduction: According to the role of correct financial information in the decision-making of each system, it is important to design and employ a costing system that can recognize costs and correctly calculate the prime cost of services. Considering the necessity to clarify costs and income sources of different sections, the objective of the current study was to calculate the prime cost of the services to diabetic patients undergoing dialysis in Zabol, Iran, in 2015.
Materials and Methods: This applied study was carried out using a descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective design. The data were collected through designed forms, interview with the supervisors of sections, and direct observation of the dialysis section activities. Then, the prime cost was calculated by the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) method using Excel software (version 2013).
Results: Based on the findings of the present study, the total costs included human force (63%), consumable medicinal instruments (20%), consumable non-medical materials and instruments (2.4%), nutrition (5%), civil costs (0.9%), costs of equipment depreciation (4.3%), and costs of building depreciation (4.4%). Accordingly, the highest and lowest costs were reported for human force and civil costs in the dialysis section, respectively.
Conclusion: All of the hospitals and medical centers in Iran will be able to calculate the true costs by means of the ABC method. The use of this technique helps prevent the disadvantages of wrong costing through achieving useless capacity, reducing costs, and increasing efficiency.
 
 

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Introduction: One of the behavioral problems among diabetic patients in Ahvaz is found to be their infrequent referral to diabetes units. Therefore, this qualitative research aimed to identify barriers and incentives for patients with type II diabetes referring to healthcare centers.
Materials and Methods: The present qualitative content analysis research was conducted in Ahvaz in 2017. The population of this study consisted of 69 patients with type II diabetes referring to diabetes units of healthcare centers in Ahvaz. The necessary data were collected through performing interviews until and was continued until data saturation was achieved. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and finally analyzed by the researchers.
Results: The barriers and incentives for type 2 diabetic patients to refer to diabetes units were each divided into two categories of ‌individual and systemic. Individual barriers included two categories of economic barriers‌ (3‌ codes) and occupation factors ‌(1 ‌code), and systemic barriers consisted of four ‌categories, namely information barriers ‌(2‌ codes), lack of facilities, equipment, and expertise required by patients‌ (3 ‌codes), access limitations ‌(1‌ code), and long waiting queues‌ (1‌ code). Individual incentives included one category of patients' awareness ‌(1‌ code) and systematic incentives consisted of 2‌ categories, namely financial factors ‌(1 ‌code) and proper educational and public relations ‌(2 ‌codes).
Conclusion: It seems that the use of e-learning and distance learning can greatly contribute to remove individual barriers and satisfy the patients' needs. Moreover,‌ in the systemic barriers section, the patients' referral problems can be solved by the cooperation of different organs with each other and the increase of inter-departmental coordination.
 

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Introduction: Complications and problems related to diabetes affect the quality of life of diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to comparison of the effectiveness of stress management and acceptance and commitment-therapy on blood sugar control and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes
Materials and Methods:This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with 2 experimental groups and 1 control group. The statistical population of the study was all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to Milad Specialized and Sub-Specialized Hospital in Tehran in 2020. After reviewing the inclusion criteria, 45 people were selected by purposive sampling method and replaced by random method in three groups (15 people in each group). The stress management group received 12 sessions and the acceptance and commitment group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Research data were collected using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (1996) and by fasting blood sugar test. And were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance test in SPSS software version 20.
Results: The results showed that stress management intervention and acceptance and commitment therapy had a significant effect on blood sugar control and quality of life components in patients with type 2 diabetes (P <0.05). Also, there is no significant difference between the effect of stress management and t acceptance and commitment therapy on quality of life and blood sugar control (P>0.05). And it was the only component of mental health that the mean of post-test and follow-up scores in the acceptance and commitment group increased more than the stress management group (P <0.05).
Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, to improve the quality of life and control blood sugar, stress management methods and commitment therapy can be used.

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Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common and expensive endocrine diseases in the world. The age of onset in Iran is 10-15 years younger than the average age of onset in developed countries. Some measures have been adopted to identify the main risk factors and the national response to diabetes in numerous countries to prevent and control this disease. This study aimed to compare the main risk factors and national response to diabetes in selected countries.
Materials and Methods: This comparative review study evaluated six countries, including Iran, India, China, Germany, Canada, and Somalia. Required information (i.e., demographic information, statistical information, main risk factors, and dimensions of the national response to diabetes) was obtained from official and credible databases and sites.
Results: Based on the find, three factors, including obesity, overweight, and physical inactivity were identified as the main risk factors for diabetes in the selected countries. It was revealed that these countries have partially or fully implemented the national response to diabetes.
Conclusion: The multifaceted nature of diabetes requires the provision of multi-dimensional solutions to reduce the burden of the disease via controlling the main risk factors. Lifestyle modification should not only be limited to education and promotion of nutrition and physical activity but also include modifications in methods, attitudes, and cultural, social, and economic values.
 

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Introduction: Today, health indicators are recognized as pivotal factors in a country's development, potentially contributing to the enhancement of overall development indicators. With this in mind, this research was conducted to analyze the impact of health indicators on cultural indicators among diabetic patients in Iran's provinces.
Materials and Methods: This study adopts an applied and analytical approach. Data were gathered from forms designed based on expert opinions and classified information from statistical yearbooks spanning the years 2015 to 2019 for the country's provinces. Data analysis was conducted using Stata 17 software, employing panel data to estimate the model, and the Xtpcse test to assess hypotheses.
Results: The research findings indicate that health indicators exerted a positive and significant influence on cultural indicators among diabetic patients, including the number of published book titles and the activity level of publishers.
Conclusion: Authorities in the country can promote reading and research endeavors by identifying and effectively utilizing impactful indicators in both health and culture domains. This could involve organizing free webinars and educational workshops in libraries and cultural centers to foster engagement. Additionally, to address health and hygiene concerns, particularly among young people, initiatives can be undertaken to encourage health professionals and doctors to create publications and blogs aimed at enhancing the health and well-being of diabetics.
 

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Introduction: Regular medication adherence in adults with type II diabetes is associated with better disease control, reduced diabetes-related mortality and complications, and improved quality of life. This study aimed to identify the determinants of medication adherence among elderly individuals with type II diabetes.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2024 on 459 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in Kermanshah, Iran. Participants were selected using simple random sampling from those with medical records in urban comprehensive health centers. Data were collected through interviews using a validated and reliable written questionnaire. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 with descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The mean age of participants was 69.81 years (95% CI: 69.12–70.50), and they scored 68.72% of the maximum achievable score for medication adherence. Perceived self-efficacy (β = 0.332), attitude (β = 0.151), and education level (β = 0.105) were significant predictors of medication adherence. The examined variables explained 20% of the variance in adherence.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the positive impact of self-efficacy and attitude on regular medication adherence. Targeting these factors in intervention development may enhance adherence among elderly patients with type II diabetes.